The Meaning and Origin of the Last Name Thomas

Some of the most common names from the Middle Ages tend to come from religious backgrounds such as biblical texts and the names of saints.  Other names have come from the language spoken at the time. For example, Bennett is Latin and means blessed while Godwin comes from English and means good friend.  Along with vernacular language, some medieval surnames have been based on a job or where the person lived, and many of these names still exist today. For instance, the last name Baker could come from a family who had a maker of bread while the last name Fisher involved someone who was a catcher of fish. Patronymic Origin of Thomas Derived from a popular medieval first name, Thomas comes from the Aramaic term t’om’a, for twin. The Thomas surname is of patronymic origin, based on the first name of the father, meaning son of Thomas, much like Thomason.  The first letter of the name Thomas was originally the Greek theta which accounts for the common TH spelling. Thomas is the 14th most popular surname in the United States and the 9th most common in England. Thomas is also the third most common surname in France  and its surname origin is of Welsh and English descent. Alternate Surname Spellings If you have one of the following surnames, it may be counted as an alternative spelling to Thomas with similar origin and meaning: TomasThomasonTomasonTommasiTomaThomThomaThummThomeTomaschekTomichKhomichThomasson Famous People With the Surname Clarence Thomas: U.S. Supreme Court JusticeDylan Thomas:  Welsh poetKristin Scott Thomas:  British-born French actressDanny Thomas:  American comedian, producer, and actorM. Carey Thomas: Pioneer in womens educationDebi Thomas: Olympic figure skater; first African-American to win a medal at the Winter OlympicsJamie Thomas: Pro skateboarderIsiah Thomas: American basketball player and coach Genealogy Resources 100 Most Common US Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Thomas Surname DNA StudyThe objectives of the Thomas project are to use Y-DNA to find connections between Thomas lines and to hopefully determine the countries of origin of these various families. All Thomas males are welcome to participate. Thomas Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Thomas surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Thomas query. FamilySearch - THOMAS GenealogyExplore over 14 million historical records, lineage-linked family trees, and other results posted for the Thomas surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website. References: Surname Meanings and Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Essay on The Dark Writings of Edgar Allan Poe - 1679 Words

Edgar Allan Poe is regarded as one of the most famous writers of all time. He is known for his sinister and horrific tales and his seemingly pessimistic view on life. This overwhelming theme is rarely questioned by other writers and fans alike because of his personal tragedies; it is only fitting that a man as disturbed as Poe would write such troubled stories. It is common knowledge to most that Poe had a heartrending life; he lost his biological mother, adoptive mother, and wife all before he went to college. Poe used the tragic premature endings of his family members as inspiration to write his trademark literature, lengthy eloquent works revolving around fatality. It is atypical for one of his stories to not mention death in one way†¦show more content†¦Some like Kenneth Dauber, who studied Poe’s work at a later date, believe Poe mostly wrote â€Å"stories written around a vacancy†. While in reality, Poe may not be a modern Pluto or a â€Å"failure† of a writer, the majority of people, despite their personal opinions, cannot argue that Poe is a writer that has much influence over his readers, often making them feel like characters in his own stories. Poe’s writing style is quite distinctive; he writes exactly how he wants you to feel, which is usually petrified or bewildered. If the sentences are short, the mood is apprehensive; longer sentences usually mean a calmer point in the twisted plot. In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, the narrator describes how he â€Å"cautiously- oh, so cautiously, cautiously† went about killing an old man, a person he said he â€Å"loved†, because his eye was bothering him. (Poe, 303) As the narrator describes how he â€Å"kept quiet and still for a whole hour [and] did not move a muscle†, the details make the reader tense up like he is the one about to commit the crime. Likewise Poe’s images about the pendulum in â€Å"The Pit and the Pendulum† are lifelike; one can almost see the â€Å"razor, tapering from the edge†¦that [was] perceptively [descending]† (Poe, 252). In both stories, the impending nature of the end to life, or death, is profuse, due to Poe’s tragic life. PoeShow MoreRelatedEdgar Allan Poe s Three Techniques For Dark Writing999 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allan Poe s Three Techniques for Dark Writing Edgar Allan Poe is a poet who makes his poetry very strong, dark and suspenseful; to do this Poe uses imagery, mood and tone. These three techniques help create a feeling of horror. â€Å"The Cask of the Amontillado†, â€Å" The Raven†, and â€Å"The Tale Tell Heart† are the three stories that show these techniques clearly. Imagery is represented to help the atmosphere have horror and it helps the reader see what s going on in the story. In â€Å"The Cask ofRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe Biography. By. Alyssa Marshall.1260 Words   |  6 Pages Edgar Allan Poe Biography By Alyssa Marshall Mrs. Guinn English III March 6, 2017 Abstract Edgar Allan Poe was a writer in the â€Å"Gothic Era†, many of his stories genres are horror like â€Å" The Masque of The Red Death†, mystery such as â€Å" The Fall of The House of Usher†, lost love as in â€Å" The Raven†, and obsession such as â€Å" The Pit and The Pendulum†. Edgar’s poemsRead MoreThe Writings of Edgar Allan Poe803 Words   |  3 PagesEdgar Allan Poe The amazing, the people who inspire, who make people feel something with words on paper, authors. Authors have a special ability to create a separate world, but a great author lets us into their world and makes us feel something when we read their work. From all of the research Colton Coverston has done, he has come to the conclusion that Edgar Allan Poe should be in the top fifth American Authors on a top twenty greatest American author list. Edgar Allan Poe has written many piecesRead MoreThe Life and Works of Edgar Allan Poe Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout the life of Edgar Allan Poe, he suffered many unfortunate events and endured several difficult situations. Some speculate that it was these experiences that helped to formulate the famous writing style of Edgar Allan Poe. His dark tales such as The Masque of the Red Death and The Tell-Tale Heart are horrific, and his poems such as Alone and The Raven show evidence that his life experiences influenced their drearines s. Poes story plots and his own life are undeniably related andRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe Revlutionized Literature in the 19th Century665 Words   |  3 PagesEdgar Allan Poe revolutionized the literary world of the nineteenth century. Poe is a well-known author from the early 1800’s, who was part of the dark romanticism movement. While later in life he was a brilliant writer, Edgar Allan Poe faced many problems in his early life. Although Poe experienced death within his family at a young age, the hardships he encountered are thought to have influenced his dark writing style. These death inspired elements within Poe’s writing were ahead of their timeRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe And Nathaniel Hawthorne848 Words   |  4 Pagesbreaking free from the intellectual traditions of the past. This is effectively expressed by Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne despite differences in their writing style through the stories of The Raven and The Scarlet Letter respectively. Although their writing style is different, both authors indicate that breaking free from intellectual traditions of the past is present in their writing. Both Poe and Hawthorne want to know why things happen rather than how things happen so they focus onRead MoreThe Dark Romanticism Of Edgar Allan Poe1497 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poe was a prominent writer during the era of Romanticism, but Poe’s poems focused primarily on the Dark Romanticism, developed under Romanticism. The era of Romanticism was commonly described as showing raw emotion, but there was still a conflict in the story. The purpose of Romanticism was for the writer to feel free; there were no rules when it came to this form of writing. Dark Romanticism was looking at the gothic side of stories rather than the heroism stories, which focused moreRead MoreThe Tortured Poet : Edgar Allan Poe1312 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tortured Poet: Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"Beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem† Poe, Edgar Allan. The Philosophy of Composition. 1846. The name Poe often brings to mind tales of horror and mystery, but this Poe was also a writer of sophisticated poems, capable of extreme poetic beauty within a dark genre of writing. Poe never lived the happiest of lives, but his writing is extraordinary, both for its execution, and for the sheer elegance of the words which he found to write upon the pageRead MoreEdgar Allan Poes Impact on American Literature1379 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is one of the most influential writers of the horror genre in American history. His horror stories have impacted numerous authors and their stories over the years. Various people have tried to copy his way of writing style, but they have failed to achieve the success he did. Even though Poe is no longer living, his impact on American literature can still be felt today. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. Even though Edgar Allan Poe did not growRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Dark Poems That He Is Famous For?1423 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poe Why did Poe write the dark poems that he is famous for? Almost every student has read either one or many of Edgar Allan Poe’s work. Poe is one of the best and most famous writers in American Literature. Professor Gene Doty of Missouri University of Science and Technology explains, â€Å"The meaning which the text has for the reader emerges from the interaction of the reader’s world with the world of the text† (Doty). Anything written is a context that includes the â€Å"writer’s feelings,

Impairment Loss Reduction Of Value Assets â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Impairment Loss Reduction Of Value Assets? Answer: Introducation As pr the IAS 36 and AASB 136 on Impairment of assets, it must be sure that the assets of any company are not shown at the value which is more than the recoverable value of the asset. If the carrying value of any asset is assessed to be more than its recoverable value then the excess amount is determined as the impairment loss. Impairment loss is the reduction of value of assets and it does not take into consideration the increase in value (Lubbe, Modack and Watson 2014). The operations must carry out the impairment test regularly to measure the amount of impairment. Generally, when there is some indication for impairment then only the impairment test is carried out. In other word, it can be stated that the impairment test is not carried out frequently; rather it is done on the occurrence of a few occasions which identifies the loss in the estimation of the benefit. In such situation the organization is required to carry out the impairment test for the entire identified asset (Rennekamp, Rupar, and Seybert 2014). However, the impairment test needs to be performed irrespective of any indication for the following assets Intangible asset that has indefinite life Goodwill Intangible asset that has not yet been put to use. Under impairment test, the carrying amount of the asset is compared with the recoverable amount of the asset or the CGU. The recoverable amount here is considered as the higher among the value in use and the fair value reduced by the disposal cost. However, the accuracy of the impairment test shall be impacted by the subjectivity and extent of the judgements and estimates with respect to the parameters and inputs that are utilised for the determination of recoverable amount. Therefore, the application of the requirements for calculation of impairment requires careful consideration (Amiraslani, Iatridis and Pope 2013). The present global economic and environmental situations increase the chances of getting the assets impaired. While assessing regarding if there is an indication of impairment, the company shall take into consideration the following indications If during the period under consideration the market value of the asset has considerable declined as compared to what was expected to be reduced due to normal use (Linnenluecke et al. 2015). Carrying amount of the asset is less as compared to the market value The associated interest rate or the market interest rate of return on the investment has gone up and therefore, chances are there that it will have an impact on the discount value used for the measurement of value of asset and will decrease the recoverable amount of the asset significantly. Significant adverse changes have been taken place with respect to the organization or it is expected to take place that will have an impact on the economic, technological, legal or environmental aspects of the company. Further, the internal information source for impairment test can be the available evidences regarding the physical damage or obsolescence for any asset or the significant changes in association with adverse impact on the company taken place or chances are there to take place in near future with respect to the asset or there are some evidences that are available from the source of internal reporting that may indicate that the assets economic performance is worse as compared to expectation. As per the standard, the recoverable amount states the value that is expected to be recovered from the sale of the asset after deducting the selling cost. The recoverable amount is higher among the fair value of the asset and the value in use of the asset. As per the IAS 36, Para 78, while measuring the impairment loss, there must be some consideration for the liabilities associated with the asset, particularly for the CGU; generally, the liabilities are taken into consideration however, it depends on the judgement and rational that whether these factors are taken under consideration or not (Bond, Govendir and Wells 2016). Further, the value in use is the value that can be derived through the discounting factor of the entire cash flows that can be generated while using the assets. as per the IAS 36, Para 74-79 and Para 30-57, guidance are there to apply the principles for the value in use calculation for the CGU. The principles provided are sufficient to take all the computation related factors into consideration (Amiraslani, Iatridis and Pope 2013). Both the value in use as well as the fair values reduced by disposable cost shall reflect the uncertainty and risk to the level that these will reflect in the transaction carried out at the arms length price. Further, the risk may reveal through adjustment of discounting rate or the cash flows. Further, if the recoverable amount of one particular asset cannot be estimated, the recoverable amount for the CGU under which the asset is included shall be determined (Amiraslani, Iatridis and Pope 2013). The instances where the recoverable amount cannot be estimated are where the value in use of the asset cannot be estimated or the cash flow generation from the asset are not happening that are largely independent from the other assets. Impairment is the major element under the process of financial reporting irrespective of the fact that the company is first time adopter for IFRS. The assessing procedure for impairment can be time consuming and complex. However, it is important that the process owner, particularly the finance team shall plan the process earlier and shall access right skills like forecasting and business modelling. Further, the most appropriate approach, assumptions and model is dependent upon having the sufficient knowledge of financial and operational aspects of business and the industry under which the business operates. Therefore, the senior management shall be involved in providing support and reviewing the outcomes critically. Calculation of impairment loss and Journal entries Account Carrying amount Plant 2,64,000 Equipment 61,000 Fittings 38,000 Inventory 16,000 Goodwill 13,000 Total carrying amount 3,92,000 Value in use 3,53,000 Impairment loss 39,000 Allocation of impairment loss Account Carrying amount (CA) Pro-rata Allocation of impairment loss Adjusted carrying amount Goodwill 13,000 13,000 - Plant 2,64,000 264/363 18,909 2,45,091 Equipment 61,000 61/363 4,369 56,631 Fittings 38,000 38/363 2,722 35,278 3,63,000 39,000 [Note: Inventories will remain unimpaired as any asset cannot be reduced lower than the recoverable amount] Impairment loss on plant Fair value less cost of disposal 2,54,546 Adjusted carrying amount of plant 2,45,091 Amount to be reallocated 9,455 Reallocation of impairment loss on plant to other units of CGU Account Adjusted CA Pro-rata Allocation of impairment loss Total loss allocation Goodwill 13,000 Plant 9,454 Equipment 56,631 56631/91909 5,825 10,194 Fittings 35,278 35278/81909 3,629 6,352 Journal entries for recording the impairment loss Particulars Debit Credit Impairment loss account 39,000 To Goodwill 13,000 To Plant 9,454 To Equipment 10,194 To Fittings 6,352 [Being impairment loss of CGU is allocated to goodwill, plant, equipment and fittings] Reference Amiraslani, H., Iatridis, G.E. and Pope, P.F., 2013. Accounting for asset impairment.London: Cass Business School. Amiraslani, H., Iatridis, G.E. and Pope, P.F., 2013. Accounting for asset impairment: a test for IFRS compliance across Europe. Centre for Financial Analysis and Reporting Research (CeFARR). Amiraslani, H., Iatridis, G.E. and Pope, P.F., 2013.Accounting for Asset Impairment: A Test for IFRS Compliance Across Europe: a Research Report by the Centre for Financial Analysis and Reporting Research, Cass Business School. Cass Business School. Bond, D., Govendir, B. and Wells, P., 2016. An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.259-288. Linnenluecke, M.K., Birt, J., Lyon, J. and Sidhu, B.K., 2015. Planetary boundaries: implications for asset impairment.Accounting Finance,55(4), pp.911-929. Lubbe, I., Modack, G. and Watson, A., 2014. Financial Accounting GAAP Principles.OUP Catalogue. Rennekamp, K., Rupar, K.K. and Seybert, N., 2014. Impaired judgment: The effects of asset impairment reversibility and cognitive dissonance on future investment.The Accounting Review,90(2), pp.739-759.

Mount Pinatubo Essay Example

Mount Pinatubo Essay Mount Pinatubo is located in Philippines, in the central area of the island of Luzon. It is bordered by 3 provinces namely Pampanga, Zambales and Tarlac. It is part of the western volcano chain that extends more than 137 miles in a north south direction. The volcano began to be active approximately around 1.1 million years ago. It is a stratovolcano that comprises of numerous lava domes surrounded by layers and layers of pyroclastic material.The volcanic eruptions of Mount Pinatubo are separated by centuries of inactivity or quiescence. This allows dense tropical vegetation to grow around the volcano during these periods of quiescence. The eruptions are usually destructive, explosive and massive in size and involve the emission of large quantities of ash and pumice. Subsequently, this results in formation of lava domes.Devastating eruptionIn June 1991, after about 400 years of inactivity, Pinatubo produced one of the most massive explosions the world has ever seen. Before the major e xplosion, a series of minor explosions and earthquakes began on June 12. This series of minor events, which indicated an imminent explosion, ended on June 15. To be exact, at 10.27 am that morning, a Plinian column of gas (a vertically-directed ash column erupted from the newly formed horseshoe-shaped crater within minutes of the lateral blast), ash and pumice rose to a height of 40 km, producing a giant umbrella that extended over several hundred kilometers.The giant umbrella subsequently blackened the sky, raining pumice and ash over an area expanding over 300 thousand square kilometers. Several hours later, Mount Pinatubo produced a sequence of pyroclastic flows, devastating valleys located near the volcanoes and areas up to a distance of 15 kilometers. This massive eruption led to the formation of a caldera of 2km in diameter.Why the immediate effects had minimal impactDue to the series of minor explosions and earthquakes, scientists and researches were able to predict when Moun t Pinatubo was going to erupt. Hence, they had the time and opportunity to evacuate the resident population of about 1.8 million people. Thus, despite the fact that the eruption was massive and highly destructive, the immediate effects on the population were small. The eruptions killed 833 people and injured 184. 23 were never found. Even so, most of the deaths, which in actuality occurred in the months after the eruptions, were the result of mudflows.Long-term effectsThe long-term effects can be classified into two categories economic losses and destruction of the environment. The economic losses were colossal. An estimated 651 thousand people were unemployed. Clark Airbase, one of the largest in the world, famous as a base of operation in the Vietnam War was rendered unusable and had to be abandoned. One of the most dramatic results of the eruptions was the massive movement of ash and pumice caused by typhoons in later years. Of the estimated 1.7 to 2.4 cubic miles of material ac cumulated on the slopes of the volcano, 70% has been swept away and carried downhill in the form of immense mudflows or lahars. These mudflows buried towns, knocked down power lines, swept away roads and caused more victims then the eruptions.Steps undertaken to mitigate effectsOver the months and years following the eruptions, artificial embankments have been built to prevent the flooding of inhabited and cultivated area. Decisive human efforts undertaken before, during and after the 1991 eruption reduced the loss of human life and mitigated the financial losses. Even so, the eruption caused an enormous disturbance in the geological balance of a vast area, a disturbance that will have effect on the inhabitants and the environment for many years to come.KrakatauIntroduction to KrakatauKrakatau is a volcanic island located between Java and Sumatra, in the center of the Sunda Strait. Before its infamous 1883 eruption, Krakatau had been composed of a row of three volcanic cones inside an ancient caldera. In the year 1883, one by one the three cones began activity. From May to mid-August, the volcanic activity was not very explosive. The violent eruptions only began late August, reaching their high point on August 27.Devastating eruption (1883, August 26-27)Mount Krakatoa erupted on The eruption destroyed more than 2/3 of the island of Krakatau and 165 towns and villages were destroyed. There was also a great loss of life as many also were killed by the tsunamis that followed the eruption. The sound of the explosion could be heard from Australia, more than 4000 km away.Long-term effectsThe volcanic eruption produced seaquakes that caused 100-foot high tsunamis that circled the globe six and a half times and drowned more than 36,000. Sea waves caused by the blast were still recorded a week after the initial eruption. In addition to that, the shockwave produced also circled the planet a total of 3 times. More than a year afterward, floating islands of pumice from Kr akatau were discovered 7,500 miles away. Dust particles were carried 50 miles high into the stratosphere, where they were blown all over the world. For a full year after the event, only 87% of sunlight was able to shine through the particles in the atmosphere and reach earth.The eruption had generated 30-70 metric tons of sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere. This caused the sun to appear to be blue-green. Moreover, the increased amount of sulfuric acid concentration in the atmosphere drastically increased in reflectivity or albedo which in turn caused more incoming rays from the sun to be reflected back into the atmosphere. Clouds play an important role in keeping the Earth cool by reflecting sunlight, but they can also serve as blankets to trap warmth. This, along with the large amount of dust particles in the atmosphere, caused global temperatures to fall by approximately 1.2 degrees Celsius.The Krakatau eruption in 1883 has also been credited with causing the emergence of noctil ucent clouds. Noctilucent clouds are bright clouds, seen at twilight, that are located high above the Earths surfaces in the mesosphere which is rare as clouds are generally unable to reach such altitudes given the thin air pressure. These special clouds are only able to be seen when they are illuminated by sunlight from below the horizon. The first instance of noctilucent clouds was reported in 1885, soon after the infamous 1883 eruption, prior to which they did not exist.Mount St HelensIntroduction to Mount St HelensThe formation of Mount St Helens began in the Pleistocene, and much of its massif, the block of the earths crust bounded by faults and shifted to form peaks of a mountain range,2 was produced by basaltic and andesitic lava flows. The summit area, or what remains of it, is 2200 years old. Mount St Helens is probably the most active volcano in the Cascade Range. The Cascade Range is a major mountain range of western North America, extending from southern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California.3 Before the major eruption in 1980, St Helens was composed of a regular cone, with a base diameter of about 7km, reaching an overall height of almost 9840 feet, approximately 3000m. A series of minor earthquakes signaled that the volcano would return to activity.The explosion of the magma accumulated in the mountains. Simultaneously, cloud of gas and debris blasted northward by the explosion and traveled at supersonic speed at an estimated temperature of 250 degree C, devastating almost 232 square miles or 600 km2 of forest land. Vertical column of gas and ash formed over the volcano reaching a height of about 16km. following that, a series of pyroclastic flow descended along the valleys of the volcano. Around 5pm paroxysmal phase of the eruption ended leaving a destroyed landscape and a gutted mountain. Following the eruption, a series of lahars added further damage to the surrounding territory causing devastation in many of th e river valleys that spread out from the volcano. After the may 18 eruption, st Helens erupted 5 more times but none as intense as the first. Some small eruptions that occur during winter months melt part of the snow cover setting off lahars and avalanches.Mauna LoaIntroductionBeing 4km above sea level and another 13 km below sea level, the shield volcano Mauna Loa that stands at 17km above its base is known as the worlds largest volcano. It is situated on the Island of Hawaii and having erupted for 33 times since 1843, it is one of most active shield volcanoes in the world. Its last eruption was in 1984. There are no records of deaths directly caused by Mauna Loa volcanic eruptions. The only way the eruption has made an impact was by destroying property and cities. For instance, in 1881 an enormous lava flow stopped right outside the city of Hilo after traveling a distance of 47km. The city narrowly escaped destruction.ImpactPeople living in the vicinity are most likely be impacted by the lava flow of Mauna Loa. Although lava flow is quite slow and people are able to escape from it, the intensity of the eruption can be so great that it causes the lava from the volcano to flow at a much faster rate. This covers the viscosity of the lava. Besides this, the volcano is also steep thus contributing to a higher viscosity. Also, the high volume and long lengths which causes the lava to reach the sea also account for the hazards.It is the lava flows that pose a threat to people living along the slopes of the volcano and their properties there. Volcanic eruptions in 1926 and 1950 destroyed the villages of Hoà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½opuloa Makai and Hoà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½okena Mauka on the island respectively leaving dwellers there homeless. In 1935, Mauna Loa had such a huge eruption that the flow of lava threatened to destroy Hilo, a city which arose due to the lava solidifying as it flowed from the same volcano. This flow of lava created such a large power of air that the United States Air force were forced to drop bombs before the lava flowing could reach Hilo in order to prevent it from destroying the island.If Mauna Loa erupts, it is probable that it will flow through hotels from Waikoloa to Puaka which will heavily impact the economy of the Island of Hawaii.How to mitigate these effects?Authorities have to create awareness to the residents of those living near the volcano on how to react and what to do should there be an eruption in the future. They have to be prepared and be able to accurately calculate approximately the least time there is to respond so that they can evacuate to a safer place in time, and not overestimate the time there is. Also, authorities should set up a volcanic warning plan so that they can successfully counter the unforeseen circumstances should the volcano suddenly erupt.Furthermore, Mauna Loa, along with the neighboring volcano Kilauea, is one of the most studied volcanoes in the world. Because of this, models of the volcanos behavio ur can be created based on its eruptive history. This can assist scientists in predicting the next eruption and thus giving ample time for villagers living near Mauna Loa to evacuate.How to deal with certain effectsPyroclastic flowsPyroclastic flows travel so rapidly that it is pointless to try and divert its direction once it has started. Besides this, pyroclastic flows are also able to climb or flow over obstacles hence creating obstacles would not exactly be effective. According to the book, Volcanoes, by David A. Rothery, the only logical way to protect property from a pyroclastic flow is to construct a sequence of barriers of about 30m high designed to channel the flow upwards. This would hopefully allow the flow to form a buoyant plume. Although expensive, this method may help make a pyroclastic flow less a hazard.AshfallAfter an eruption, the air in areas within the vicinity of the explosion or sometimes even further will be heavy with ash and polluted with harmful gases fo r quite some time. This can prove to be a health hazard. Since ashfall cannot be prevented, the public has to take precautionary measures. For instance, during that period when the air is still heavily polluted, people living in the vicinity can wear protective clothing and high-efficiency dust masks to prevent inhalation of dust particles. Furthermore, drivers should also keep a fair distance between vehicles because of the reduced visibility.Which volcano is most likely to cause most long-term damage when it erupts? Why?From the book Volcanoes by Mauro Rosi, PaoloPapale, Luca Lupi, Marco StoppatoAnalysis of diagramFrom the diagram, it can be seen that among the volcanoes Pinatubo, St Helens and Krakatau, based on their most significant and recent eruptions, Krakatau emitted the highest volume of material as much as 20km3. We therefore believe that Krakatau would cause the most long-term damage if it were to erupt again. Since more materials like ash, gas and volcanic debris are d ischarged, there is a higher possibility that it will disturb the climate and destroy the vegetation to a greater extent as compared to the other two volcanoes. Furthermore, since Krakatau has the longest period of quiescence among the three volcanoes, we also assume that the accumulation of pressure is larger. Thus, we believe that the next time Krakatau erupts, the effects will be more damaging and devastating than the other two.Comparing the pressure build-ups of the three volcanoesMount St. HelensStudies have shown that although the volcano emits steam frequently, there has been no eruption since 1985. However, since there is still the presence of hot magma underneath the mountain, there is always a possibility of another eruption. Even so, scientists state that the eruptions would be relatively small and a large eruption like the one in 1980 would be highly unlikely.The reason the 1980 eruption was so massive was because the volcanic cone kept the magma from erupting. This caus ed a large amount of pressure to build up. Thus when the volcano finally erupted in 1980, the eruption was large. However since the top of the volcano is now gone, there is less weight preventing the magma from erupting. This means that the eruptions will occur after smaller amounts of pressure have built up. Thus, the subsequent eruptions of Mount St Helens should not be as damaging or devastating. The air pollution and damage to vegetation should not be as drastic as that in 1980.Once St Helens recovers to its original cone-shape however, it is highly likely that a large-scale eruption will occur. Nevertheless, this would not happen for at least another few centuries.Mauna LoaAs compared to the other two volcanoes, Mauna Loa erupts the most frequently, with 33 known eruptions since 1843. The eruptions were fairly small and non-violent-in comparison to Krakatau and St Helens and the long-term damage is minimal as mentioned in an earlier section in the report. Thus since the period s in between eruptions are fairly short, we conclude that the pressure-buildup is small. Hence, if Mauna Loa were to erupt again, we believe that the long-term damage would not be as devastating as Krakatau or St Helens as it will most likely be a non-violent eruption. The less violent the eruption, the amount of lava and gases emitted will be smaller.KrakatauKrakatau has not erupted since 1883, which means it has the longest period of inactivity among the three volcanoes. Hence, as mentioned earlier, since Krakatau has the longest period of quiescence, we can safely assume that the pressure-buildup is larger. Thus, we believe that the next time Krakatau erupts, the eruption will be a violent one. The more violent the explosion, the higher the probability that it will affect the climate and make radical changes to the environment.In conclusion, we believe that if Krakatau were to erupt, it would cause the most damaging long-term effects as it is highly probable that its eruption wil l be a violent one.Volcano eruptions will also be a concern to people. This is because, there will be a greater risk and impact on the countrys economy as we venture into a more and more developed society where each event will heavily cause knock-on effect on others. 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